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Scholarly References and Intellectual Context
Modern scholarship has played an important role in understanding post-Byzantine religious art and engraving. Researchers such as D. Papastratos have studied Greek Orthodox religious...
Printing Reproduction and Wider Access to Icons
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, important changes took place in the fields of book printing, image reproduction, and distribution. These developments made religious...
Artistic Influences and Sources of Inspiration
Many scholars have studied the painters of the post-Byzantine period and their artistic influences. Research shows that these artists did not work in isolation....
Defensive Works at the Bucoleon Palace
Some historians, including Labarte and Schlumberger, argue that Emperor Nicephorus Phocas surrounded the Palace of Bucoleon with special defensive works, effectively making it a...
Heraclius and the Defence of Hormisdas
As mentioned earlier, in 610, Heraclius appeared with a fleet before Constantinople to end the tyranny of Emperor Phocas. At that time, the quarter...
Transition from Hormisdas to Bucoleon
The name “Palace of Hormisdas” gradually disappears around the same time the term “Bucoleon” begins to appear. This supports the idea that both names...
Tower Opposite the Imperial Gate
Another strong piece of evidence concerns the tower that stood opposite the Imperial Gate. Phrantzes describes this tower as being “in the middle of...
Question of the Basilike Pyle
Before ending the study of the Harbour Walls of Constantinople, it is necessary to return to an important question. This question appeared earlier in...
Gate of the Chain on the Galata Side
Although ancient writers do not clearly describe the exact position of the Gate of the Chain on the Galata side of the Golden Horn,...
Purpose of Manuel’s Wall
The wall built by Emperor Manuel Comnenus was constructed to strengthen the defenses of the Palace of Blachernae, which had become the preferred residence...
